Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, December 1, 2024, Kolkata : In a bold move, J.N. Roy Hospital has announced its decision to refuse medical treatment to Bangladeshi nationals, citing recent atrocities against minority Hindus in Bangladesh and the disrespect shown to the Indian national flag. This move comes as part of growing protests against the violence faced by Hindus in Bangladesh and the perceived dishonoring of India’s national symbols.
Category Archives: International
Indian Armed Forces Conduct ‘Operation Purbi Prahar’ to Counter Growing Chinese Aggression in Arunachal
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, November 19, 2024, New Delhi/Arunachal Pradesh: In a significant show of strength and preparedness, the three branches of the Indian Armed Forces recently conducted a joint military exercise, Operation Purbi Prahar, along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Arunachal Pradesh. The exercise, which ran from November 10 to November 18, was aimed at enhancing inter-force coordination and readiness to counter escalating Chinese aggression in the northeast.
Hamas Appeals to Donald Trump for Pressure on Israel to Agree to Ceasefire Amid Ongoing Conflict
Baby Charaborty with inputs from Agencies, KalimNews, November 16, 2024 : Hamas has urged U.S. President-elect Donald Trump to exert pressure on Israel to agree to a ceasefire in the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas. In a letter addressed to Trump, the militant group indicated that while it is willing to accept a ceasefire, it insists that Israel must honor any such agreement. The conflict, which has raged for over a year, has resulted in significant loss of life and suffering, particularly in Gaza, where Israeli military forces continue their aggressive operations.
Hamas, which has heavily attacked Israeli targets throughout the conflict, including kidnapping numerous Israelis, now calls for an immediate ceasefire. The group also demands that Israel withdraw its forces from Gaza and address humanitarian concerns, including the return of displaced individuals and the provision of humanitarian aid. In a statement to AFP, Hamas political bureau member Bassem Naim reiterated that Hamas is willing to accept any proposal that would lead to a lasting ceasefire and military withdrawal from Gaza, provided the terms are respected by Israel.
“We have appealed to the U.S. administration, and to President Trump, to put pressure on the Israeli government to stop its aggression,” Naim said. He added that Hamas’ key demands include securing a serious deal for prisoner exchanges and the entry of humanitarian aid into the besieged Gaza Strip.
The call from Hamas for international mediation comes after Qatar, which had previously played a role in facilitating talks, announced it was stepping down from its position as a mediator. The Qatari government expressed disappointment with both sides’ lack of seriousness in pursuing peace, urging both Hamas and Israel to take the situation more seriously.
Meanwhile, Israel continues to push forward with its military objectives in Gaza, despite widespread condemnation from various international organizations, including the United Nations and Human Rights Watch, which have condemned Israel’s actions as exhibiting “characteristics of genocide.” The conflict has led to severe destruction in Gaza and a humanitarian crisis.
On the broader Middle East front, Donald Trump, who repeatedly promised during his presidential campaign to broker peace in the region, has indicated his support for Israel. His administration has been a staunch ally of Israel, and he has vowed to ensure the country’s security. Recently, Trump announced that Marco Rubio would serve as the next U.S. Secretary of State, a move that many analysts believe signals a continuation of his administration’s pro-Israel stance.
Additionally, developments in Lebanon and its ongoing conflict with Hezbollah have added another layer of complexity to the regional situation. After months of escalating clashes between Israel and Hezbollah, there are signs that both sides may be closer to a ceasefire. Lebanon’s government has confirmed that it is reviewing a U.S. truce proposal that could pave the way for a 60-day ceasefire, during which Lebanon would reposition its military along its southern border with Israel. This potential deal has been welcomed by Iran, a key ally of Hezbollah, with Ali Larijani, an advisor to Iran’s supreme leader, affirming his country’s support for Lebanon’s efforts to achieve peace.
Despite these developments, Israel has vowed that there will be no pause in its military operations against Hezbollah. Israeli airstrikes in Damascus, Syria, have continued for the second consecutive day, hitting key locations in the capital, including the Mazzeh district, which houses several foreign embassies and international institutions. The strikes are part of Israel’s ongoing campaign against Iranian and Hezbollah targets in the region.
The complex web of conflicts across the Middle East, involving Israel, Hamas, Hezbollah, Iran, and Syria, continues to draw the attention of world powers, with ongoing diplomatic efforts attempting to bring about a lasting ceasefire and peace. However, as of now, no resolution appears imminent, and the region remains engulfed in violence, with many calling for greater international intervention to prevent further bloodshed and ensure the protection of civilians.
Trump 2.0 World and Sheikh Hasina’s Sinking Boat in Bangladesh
Saleem Samad, KalimNews, November 11, 2024, Dhaka : Just days after Donald Trump’s landslide victory in the US presidential election, Ambassador Humayun Kabir, a credible commentator on foreign affairs, told Prothom Alo, an independent newspaper, that the bilateral relationship between Bangladesh and the United States would not be “sailing in troubled waters” as expected by the ousted Sheikh Hasina’s loyalists.
“I do not foresee any major changes in US-Bangladesh relations,” the former diplomat said confidently. He also pointed out that, unlike in South Asian countries, American foreign policy does not change dramatically after a change of government, whether the Democrats or Republicans win the election.
It is very rare for an incumbent regime in the US to engage in “witch-hunting” of loyalists of the previous government or opposition political parties—something that, unfortunately, is common in South Asia’s revenge-driven political culture.
Dr. Muhammad Yunus, Bangladesh’s interim government’s chief adviser, congratulated Trump on his election as the new US president, expressing optimism about strengthened bilateral ties and future cooperation.
However, as reported on social media, the disgraced Awami League and its exiled leader Sheikh Hasina were upbeat about Trump’s victory. They believed that his election win might help Hasina return to power, as she lives in exile in Delhi.
The Awami League loyalists thought that Trump, who had lauded Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi as a “good friend” and condemned “the barbaric violence against Hindus and Christians… in Bangladesh,” would lend moral support to Hasina in her quest to return to power, possibly with India’s help.
Trump, who will be sworn in as president in January 2025, had previously painted Bangladesh under Dr. Yunus as being in a “total state of chaos.”
Shafiqul Alam, press secretary to the chief adviser, quickly responded, claiming that Trump had been provided with incorrect information regarding the contentious issue of religious minorities after the interim government took charge in early August.
Meanwhile, Michael Kugelman, a South Asia expert with a particular focus on Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, said that US-Bangladesh relations had experienced a reset this year. This reset began after Bangladesh’s controversial election in January, when US President Joe Biden sent a letter to Hasina, expressing his “sincere desire” to cooperate across a wide range of areas despite months of bilateral tension leading up to the election, which the US State Department later categorized as “not free or fair.”
In a rush to maintain control, Hasina sank her party’s election symbol—the ‘Boat.’ Political observers explain that salvaging the capsized boat in the future would be a Herculean task.
Hasina ignored Biden’s warning and pressed ahead with a flawed parliamentary election for the third consecutive term. The reset truly took off after the mass movement against Hasina last monsoon, which brought Yunus to power. The US State Department quickly issued a statement saying it “stands ready to work” with Bangladesh’s interim government, Kugelman noted.
When Hasina fled, she did not leave any message for her party leaders and members, who were left behind to face the wrath of the interim government. The Awami League, which had rallied behind Hasina, was now scrambling to regain its footing.
Kugelman, Director of the South Asia Institute at the Woodrow Wilson International Center, writes that Dr. Yunus, like the US government, had been critical of Hasina’s illiberal and anti-democratic policies.
Trump’s election campaign, particularly his “Make America Great Again” slogan, and his recent social media broadside against Bangladesh, should be viewed against the backdrop of US electoral politics, Kugelman opined.
Meanwhile, a verified Awami League Facebook page announced the observance of Shaheed Noor Hossain Day on November 10, marking the 1990 student movement when Noor Hossain was killed in police firing during the military rule of Gen. Hossain Mohammad Ershad. Less than a month later, Ershad was toppled and imprisoned for corruption.
The Awami League staged a protest rally at Noor Hossain Square in Dhaka, demanding the elimination of “undemocratic forces” (i.e., the interim government of Dr. Yunus) and the restoration of democracy.
An audio message, purportedly from Hasina, was circulated, urging protesters to hold up Trump’s portrait. Police detained several individuals carrying Trump’s posters.
The law enforcement crackdown on Awami League supporters with Trump signs drew criticism from Trump’s supporters on Twitter (X), with the handle @TrumpUpdateH posting: “Bangladesh police arrest Trump supporters for celebrating Trump’s victory.” Dr. Yunus’ office responded with a press release, refuting claims made by Indian media about the crackdown. According to Yunus’ media wing, there had been no arrests or crackdowns on Trump supporters.
The government has vowed to prevent Awami League protests. In its statement, it described the Awami League as a “fascist party” and declared that the political outfit would not be allowed to hold gatherings anywhere in Bangladesh.
Earlier, in an interview with the Financial Times, Dr. Yunus had stated that there was “no place” for Hasina’s “fascist” party in Bangladesh’s politics. He described the Awami League as exhibiting “all the characteristics of fascism.”
Dr. Yunus also reiterated that Bangladesh would not seek the exiled leader’s extradition from India until the International Crimes Tribunal delivered its verdict, where she faces charges of crimes against humanity.
The Financial Times reported that political rivals and human rights groups have accused the Awami League of rigging at least three elections (2014, 2018, and 2024), carrying out extrajudicial killings, and politicizing state institutions during Hasina’s 15-year rule (2009–2024).
Students who helped topple Hasina from power have called for the ban of the Awami League, and the government has already banned the student wing, Chhatra League, for its mobilization of armed vigilante groups like the “Helmet Bahini” during the Monsoon Revolution.
The government is currently debating whether the Awami League should be temporarily suspended from politics, required to reform, or banned entirely.
Regarding the democratization process, the government is unsure how to justify when a free, fair, and inclusive election should be held to form a political government.
The 84-year-old Nobel Peace Prize winner speculated that the Awami League might disintegrate but emphasized that its fate would not be decided by his interim administration, as it is “not a political government.” Any decision regarding Awami League’s participation in future elections would be made by “consensus” among political parties themselves, he told Financial Times. “They have to decide their political space.”
Meanwhile, Awami League’s cyber warriors, loyalist intellectuals, journalists, and expatriate Bangladesh nationals have argued that, despite Hasina fleeing to India, she is still recognized as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh by New Delhi.
This prompted the Indian Ministry of External Affairs to clarify Hasina’s status. “We have repeatedly said that she (Sheikh Hasina) is a former Prime Minister; that is where it stands,” Ministry spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal told journalists last week.
However, India has yet to officially acknowledge that the people of Bangladesh have toppled Hasina’s government. This was evident in Indian External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar’s statement in the Lok Sabha (the Lower House of Parliament) on August 6, the day after Hasina fled to New Delhi. Jaishankar failed to mention the Awami League government’s violations of human rights, including the killing of over 1,000 students and maiming nearly 30,000 people during the 36 days of July and August.
Jaishankar’s statement glossed over the brewing tensions in Bangladesh, the Awami League’s intolerance for dissent, and signs of Hasina’s regime turning into a classic autocratic one, writes Tanim Ahmed in The Daily Star.
Tanim concludes that the Indian establishment had built relations with the Awami League instead of with the people of Bangladesh, alienating the population in the process. The debacle created by India’s South Block was a result of putting all eggs in one basket—Hasina. Now that the eggs have been spoiled, the damage control appears to be ineffective.
Today, with Hasina and the Awami League ousted from power, India is seeing a dip in its popularity and facing increasing criticism.
Published simultaneously in the Stratheia Policy Journal, November 11, 2024
Saleem Samad is an award-winning independent journalist based in Bangladesh. A media rights defender with Reporters Without Borders (@RSF_inter). He is the recipient of the Ashoka Fellowship and Hellman-Hammett Award. He can be reached at saleemsamad@hotmail.com; Twitter (X): @saleemsamad
Johnson & Johnson Faces ₹180 Crore Fine Over Asbestos Allegations in Baby Powder Case
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, Delhi, November 10, 2024: Johnson & Johnson, the renowned healthcare giant known for its baby powder, has been hit with a significant legal ruling, ordered to pay ₹180 crore (USD 24 million) in damages after a Connecticut court found its iconic product contained harmful asbestos. The case, filed by plaintiff Ivan Plotkin, who developed mesothelioma—a rare cancer linked to asbestos—after using the baby powder, has raised serious concerns about the safety of the product.
Bangladesh Faces Power Crisis as Adani Group Threatens to Cut Electricity Supply Over Tk 7,200 Crore Debt
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, November 5, 2024, Kolkata : Bangladesh is on the brink of a severe power crisis as the Adani Group has issued an ultimatum over unpaid electricity dues amounting to Tk 7,200 crore. The Indian conglomerate, which supplies a significant portion of Bangladesh’s electricity, has warned that if the dues are not cleared by November 7, it will completely halt the power supply, plunging the country into darkness.
India Strengthens Naval Power with Launch of Nuclear Attack Submarine ‘INS Aridman’ Amid Easing Border Tensions with China
Baby Chakraborty, November 5, 2024, New Delhi : As India and China de-escalate border tensions following a private dialogue between their respective heads of state, the Indian military is leaving nothing to chance. Despite the withdrawal of troops from the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and the return to pre-2020 positions, India’s military preparedness remains steadfast. A notable example of this continued resolve is the recent induction of the Indian Navy’s latest silent weapon—the INS Aridman, a nuclear-capable attack submarine designed to bolster India’s strategic dominance in the Indian Ocean.
Diplomatic Crisis Deepens: Canada Accuses Amit Shah of Orchestrating Anti-Khalistan Campaign
Baby Chakraborty & Agencies, KalimNews, October 30, 2024, New Delhi: A new report from The Washington Post has intensified the ongoing diplomatic crisis between India and Canada, alleging that Indian Home Minister Amit Shah approved an anti-Khalistan operation linked to the assassination of Sikh activist Hardeep Singh Nijjar. This claim was reportedly confirmed by Canada’s Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, David Morrison, during a closed session of the national security committee.
Unrest Erupts in Bangladesh as Citizens Demand President’s Resignation Amidst Violent Protests
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, October 23, 2024, Dhaka : The political landscape in Bangladesh is once again engulfed in turmoil as citizens rally to demand the resignation of President Mohammad Sahabuddin, igniting violent protests across the country. Tensions have escalated, particularly in front of the President’s official residence, Bangabhaban, where clashes have resulted in multiple injuries.
India and China Agree to Troop Withdrawal in Major Diplomatic Breakthrough Ahead of BRICS Summit
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, October 21, 2024, New Delhi : In a significant diplomatic breakthrough, India and China have agreed to initiate the withdrawal of troops from the Line of Actual Control (LAC), marking a positive step toward resolving the long-standing border disputes between the two nations. The agreement comes after several weeks of intense negotiations, paving the way for improved bilateral relations ahead of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Russia for the BRICS summit.
India Today: In a significant breakthrough, India and China have agreed to resume joint patrolling at key friction points along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh. This agreement follows years of military standoffs since the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, which brought the two nations to a diplomatic and military impasse.
The deal, seen as a crucial step in the disengagement process, signals progress in the historically tense areas of Depsang Plains and Demchok, where tensions have remained high since the 2020 confrontation.
Diplomatic and Military Efforts Lead to Breakthrough
According to Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri, this agreement is the culmination of weeks of intense diplomatic and military negotiations. Addressing the media on Monday, Misri said, “Both sides have been in close contact over the last several weeks, working through multiple channels to address long-standing issues.”
The breakthrough follows multiple rounds of military talks that have led to disengagement at other flashpoints along the LAC, such as Pangong Tso, Gogra, and Hot Springs. Defence sources indicated that both the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and the Indian Army were actively involved in the negotiations, focusing on ensuring smooth resumption of patrols in areas where disengagement has already occurred.
Depsang and Demchok, however, presented unique challenges due to their strategic importance. The agreement reactivates more than five critical patrol points under stringent monitoring, a significant achievement for both nations in stabilizing the region.
From Galwan to Depsang: Steps Toward Disengagement
The path to this agreement began after the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, which resulted in several disengagement initiatives:
- Galwan Valley (June 2020): Following a violent skirmish, both sides agreed to disengage, establishing buffer zones.
- Pangong Tso (February 2021): Troops withdrew from the north and south banks of Pangong Lake, marking a significant step in de-escalation.
- Gogra Post (August 2021): Forces disengaged from Patrolling Point 17A, creating buffer zones.
- Hot Springs (September 2022): Patrolling Point 15 saw disengagement, further easing tensions.
Depsang Plains and Demchok had remained unresolved, with negotiations stalling in previous rounds. The current agreement reflects both countries’ readiness to address these long-standing disputes and advance the disengagement process in the most challenging areas.
BRICS Summit: A Platform for Bilateral Talks
Although the specifics of the agreement are yet to be fully disclosed, further clarity is expected during the upcoming BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia. It is anticipated that Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping may hold bilateral talks to finalize the modalities of the disengagement.
Defence insiders suggest that these talks will focus on determining whether patrolling will follow pre-2020 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) or a new protocol designed to avoid further confrontation. Sources have indicated that Chinese troops will withdraw from key areas in Depsang, allowing Indian patrols to regain access to regions that had been previously blocked since 2020.
Government Hails Diplomatic Success
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar lauded the agreement as a major diplomatic achievement, emphasizing the importance of patient negotiations that began after his 2020 meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Moscow. “This agreement on patrolling is a product of very patient and persevering diplomacy. It is a positive development that will restore the peace and tranquillity that existed before 2020,” Jaishankar said.
He further noted that the agreement will enable India to resume patrolling in areas that had been blocked during the standoff, helping normalize the situation along the LAC. “There are areas where, for various reasons after 2020, they had blocked us, and we blocked them. What has happened is that we reached an understanding which will allow the patrolling… Depsang is not the only place,” Jaishankar added.
Moving Forward
The agreement to resume patrolling in the sensitive areas along the LAC marks a major step toward de-escalating tensions between India and China. While the disengagement process is still ongoing, this development is expected to stabilize the situation and prevent further confrontations, particularly in critical regions like Depsang and Demchok.
With sustained diplomatic and military efforts on both sides, the path to a lasting resolution seems closer, although the situation will continue to be monitored carefully as both nations work toward a peaceful resolution of their border disputes.
Gaza- A year Later: The international community must assume its responsibilities
Anthony Bellanger, IJU, October 7, 2024 : In 12 months, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ), a worldwide organisation representing 600,000 media professionals in 150 countries, has recorded at least 138 journalists’ deaths during the course of the war in Gaza. Of these, 128 were Palestinians, five Lebanese, four Israeli and one Syrian. This death toll represents the bloodiest period in the history of journalism.
Maldivian President Mohammed Muijju Visits India, Reaffirms Commitment to Strengthen Ties
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, October 7, 2024, New Delhi: In a move signaling renewed friendship between Maldives and India, President Mohammed Muijju of the Maldives has officially arrived in India, emphasizing his country’s commitment to maintaining security and stability in the region. During his four-day visit, President Muijju stated, “Maldives will not take any action that would disturb India’s security,” reinforcing a message of cooperation and mutual respect.
Addressing reporters, he underscored the importance of the Maldives-India relationship, which he described as rooted in “mutual respect and interest.” He highlighted India as a key partner in trade, development, and defense, asserting, “It is in our DNA to respect our neighbors and friends.” In an invitation aimed at fostering goodwill, Muijju encouraged Indian tourists to visit the Maldives, a nation known for its stunning landscapes and vibrant culture.
This visit comes in the wake of diplomatic tensions that have arisen since Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s trip to Lakshadweep in January 2024. Recent comments from Maldivian officials had sparked controversy, leading to a social media campaign in India advocating a boycott of Maldives. The escalating situation had put pressure on the Maldivian government and strained bilateral relations.
President Muijju’s visit is seen as a strategic effort to mend these ties and restore amicable relations with India. Notably, he had attended Prime Minister Modi’s swearing-in ceremony just four months ago, highlighting the significance of ongoing diplomatic engagement.
As part of his itinerary, President Muijju visited Rajghat on Monday morning, paying his respects at the memorial of Mahatma Gandhi, a symbol of peace and non-violence. He is scheduled to meet with Prime Minister Modi later in the day to discuss ways to strengthen the partnership between the two nations.
This diplomatic engagement marks a crucial step towards rebuilding trust and collaboration, with both countries looking to reinforce their historical bonds for mutual benefit in the future.
Unique Protest on the Hudson River Calls for Global Action Against Genocide of Hindus in Bangladesh
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, October 4, 2024, New York: A novel and impactful protest took place on the Hudson River in New York, aiming to rally the global Hindu community to take action against the ongoing genocide of Hindus in Bangladesh. Activists gathered to draw attention to the alarming decline of the Hindu population in the country and to commemorate the atrocities committed during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.
Indian Army Chief Warns of Israeli Tactics Amid Rising Tensions with Hezbollah
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, October 1, 2024, New Delhi: In a critical statement, Indian Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi urged caution regarding Israel’s strategic maneuvers, particularly in the realm of technology imports. Speaking at a recent conference, General Dwivedi highlighted Israel’s “master plan” aimed at dismantling Hezbollah, following a recent explosion that underscored the volatility of the region.
Kalimpong to Celebrate World Tourism Day with Exciting Events
KalimNews, September 24, 2024, Kalimpong : As the world gears up to celebrate World Tourism Day on September 27, 2024, under the theme “Tourism and Peace,” the Kalimpong District Tourism Welfare Society (KDTWS) is set to mark this occasion for the first time in Kalimpong. The celebration will take place at the Industrial Park (IP) of Kalimpong Town, bringing together the community and tourists alike.
Congress Accused of Harassing India Today Journalist in America
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, September 14, 2024 — An India Today journalist has faced allegations of harassment in the United States, with Congress workers implicated in the incident. This controversy has prompted a strong response from Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who has criticized the Congress party in a recent speech.
Reports stated that a journalist from India Today, Rohit Sharma, was assaulted by Congress workers last week in Dallas, Texas, during Rahul Gandhi’s visit to the US. Sharma had traveled to cover the visit and was attacked after raising a question about the killing of Hindus in Bangladesh following the fall of the Sheikh Hasina government.
Sharma was interviewing Indian Overseas Congress Chairman Sam Pitroda at the DFW International Airport when he asked if Rahul Gandhi would address the issue of Hindus being killed in Bangladesh during his meetings with US lawmakers. The question triggered a hostile reaction from 20-30 Congress supporters present at the scene.
The supporters created chaos, assaulted Sharma, seized his phone, and deleted the video of the interview. Despite Pitroda’s attempt to downplay the situation by stating it was up to Gandhi and the lawmakers to decide on relevant issues, the Congress workers forcibly stopped the recording and deleted the footage.
Sharma recounted the ordeal, describing how the workers, who checked his phone and iCloud, made desperate efforts to erase any trace of the interview. He initially resisted but was ultimately forced to delete the interview. Despite considering involving the police, Sharma opted to notify Pitroda, who suggested rescheduling the interview, though it never materialized.
The incident highlights ongoing tensions and issues related to press freedom, especially regarding sensitive topics. The attack on Sharma, who was performing his journalistic duties, has drawn criticism and raised concerns about the treatment of journalists covering political events.
Lee, Plays His First Test Match Fifteen Years After Being Declared Dead
Baby Chakraborty, KalimNews, September 12, 2024, Kolkata: In 1915, while World War I raged across Europe, the Germans launched a heavy assault on Great Britain, leading to a rising death toll. Young men who had joined the military were dying in various regiments. Among them was Harry Lee, a cricketer from Middlesex, who served with the 13th Battalion of the London Regiment. From May 9, 1915, he fought at Auber’s Ridge, where he was presumed to have died in battle. His parents even held a funeral and memorial service for him. Yet, fifteen years after his presumed death, Lee played his first Test match against South Africa at Johannesburg on February 13, 1931.
